concept

Triple-alpha process

PhysicsChemistryAstronomy

The only route across the mass-8 gap: three helium nuclei must meet almost simultaneously to make carbon. It works only because carbon-12 happens to have an excited state matching the incoming pair's energy closely enough to boost the reaction rate by about seven orders of magnitude. Without that coincidence there is no carbon, no oxygen, and no chemistry worth discussing.

See also

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